Atlas

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Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models are macroeconomic tools that use modern economic theory to explain and forecast how different parts of the economy move together over time, including during the business cycle. The name comes from their three key characteristics: "Dynamic" means they consider how current decisions affect the future, "Stochastic" means they include random economic shocks like changes in oil prices or financial crises, and "General Equilibrium" means they analyze the entire economy as a whole, with all markets and sectors interlinked and jointly determined. 

 
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Macroeconomic cross dependencies, or cross-sectional dependence, occur when the outcomes or economic events of different entities (like countries or firms) are correlated and influence each other, rather than being independent. This interdependency arises from shared global shocks (like a pandemic or financial crisis), common market dynamics, regional policies, or complex interconnectedness through networks. Ignoring these dependencies in econometric models can lead to flawed policy recommendations, biased inferences, and misestimated standard errors. 
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Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) are cross-border regions where natural and cultural resources are collaboratively managed by governments and/or authorities from multiple countries, aiming to conserve shared ecosystems and promote regional peace and socio-economic development. TFCAs can encompass various conservation areas, including national parks, private reserves, and community-managed lands, with the goal of fostering sustainable resource use and creating tourism opportunities by restoring ecological connectivity and facilitating cross-border travel for both wildlife and tourists.